セミ (Tibicinoides cupreosparsus) Red-winged Grass Cicada

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Family科：Cicadidae (Cicadas)

Genus属：Tibicinoides

Species種：cupreosparsus (Tibicinoides cupreosparsus)

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• 2016-6-116。US/CA/LAco/kgr。午後３時。気温79F。久しぶりの朝からの快晴。
• Purple Needle GrassもしくはPurple Needle Grass。
• 鳴き声は高音、金属質。
• 声をたよりに草むらをかき分けるとどうしても気配を消せないが、近づいては止まり、近づいては止まりを繰り返せば目視及び録音も可能。
• 本種がOak Treeで鳴いているところを未だみたことがない。キリギリスのように草むらで鳴く蝉。
• 今後の課題は、鳴き声をじっくりと録音することと、周辺から抜け殻を見つけ出すこと。
• day2:太陽光の動きに合わせてネット内を移動している傾向が見られる。明日は日照時間の長い場所にネットケージを移動させてみること。
• Insects of the Los Angeles Basin 123頁に本種に関する説明文あっても、生きていた時には羽を閉じている姿しか見ることができなかったので同定困難だったが、標本作成途中に羽を広げてみて初めて本種の特徴である羽の根元部分の朱色を確認することができた。
• かなり小さい蝉であるため、羽が広げにくい。ハガロンで軟化させることができた。
• California Insects(著者: Jerry A. Powell、Charles L. Hogue) 114頁に本種であることがわかる記載あり。、以下抜粋；Red-winged Grass Cicada. Tibicinoides cupreosparsus. ADULT: Small (BL 20mm; WL 15mm); body black, with bright red areas at bases of blackish clouded wings. Male is a feeble singer; found in grass-covered hillsides; probably uses various species of grasses and herbaceous plants as hosts both in the adult and nymphal stages. RANGE: Brush and grasslands of southern California, Los Angeles, San Diego, and western Riverside counties.
• Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico(著者Allen F. Sanborn及びPolly K. Phillips）225頁で、本種が南カリフォルニアでのみ生息することが確認されている。
• Day3：花瓶＋黒蜜を薄めた水＋ペーパータオル＋ゴム輪。とまらせてみること半日かけて数回目にして、どうやら餌として認知した様子（すぐにネットに飛び移ることなく、蜜を吸うのに適当なポジションを探したあとは同じ場所にじっとしている）を確認。
• Cicada of California（1954年）153頁によれば、草むらに限定して生息している種は、Okanagana mercedita及びOkanagana triangulataとある。以下、両種に関する記述を“New Species of Cicadas from California and Utah”（著者Wm. T. Davis）より抜粋；“New Species of Cicadas from California and Utah”（著者Wm. T. Davis）Journal of the New York Entomological Society Vol. 23, No. 1 (Mar., 1915), pp. 11-21 14頁 Okanagana triangulata new species. Type male, Mendocino Co., California, May 10 , 1910.  The triangular or obconical black area at the base of the abdomen is a conspicuous character of this insect. Length 21 mm ; to tip of the wings 25 mm ; fore wing 8 by 20 mm. Head small and narrower than the front margin of the prothorax; the front produced and a little blunter than in synodica; the supra-antennal plates with outer edge nearly rounded, and the sulcus extending from the central ocilus backward to the posterior margins quite deep. The median sulcus on the front rather shallow and almost obliterated at its upper end; transverse rugae as in synodica. Pronotum 3.5 by 8 mm., the sides not parallel but converging toward the eyes as in synodica, the humeral angles rounded, beyond a rather deep sinus extending about one half of the distance toward the anterior angles which are prominent and not so much bent downward as in synodica.  Opercula oblique, sides sinuated. Last ventral segment with the base a little longer than the sides which converge to the truncated tip. Valve of the male broader and proportionately shorter than in synodica.  Uncus viewed in profile not hooked but with a sinuation near the tip not present in synodica; when viewed from above, produced into two points with a considerable intervening notch, instead of being truncated with a shallow sinuation as in synodica.  Fore wings with the basal areole narrowed to an obliquely rounded apex; both pairs of wings suffused at the base with tetaceous; fore and hind flaps ornamented with bright orange.  Veins of the fore wings testaceous, not fuscous beyond the middle as in synodica.  The dorsum of this species is black and yellow sparsely covered with golden hairs. Head above with the elevations black except an extended spot of black on each supra‐antennal plate; depressions pale. Pronotum except the anterior angles margined with pale particularly broad on the hind margin; the elevations mostly black, the pale color extending irregularly upward from the grooves on to the sides. Mesonotum black, edged behind and to the fore wings with orange; X black at center, edged with orange; four pale spots in front of the X arranged in a semicircle, and at the tip of each anterior line of the X there is a conspicuous, light yellow, impressed puncture.  From the base of each fore wing there extends an oblong spot having a clouded central area. Metanotum with posterior edge dull orange. Dorsum of the abdomen with a basal obconical black area with the hind margin of each segment yellow and on the sides two rows of spots more or less incomplete.  The last segment is all yellow with indications of two basal spots. Supra-anal plate not as deeply notched at the end as in synodica, black above edged with yellow below; uncus yellow. Beneath, the valve, also the abdominal segments entirely yellow. except a conspicuous black line on the posterior margin of the first segment. Legs yellow, streaked and spotted with black.  The type was collected by Mr . Nunenmacher. In the collection of the American Museum of Natural History there is a female from Angel Island, California, that probably belongs to this species, though the basal areole of the elytra is not so narrowed to a rounded apex as in the male type.  However, otherwise it appears to be the same.  The last ventral segment has a broad V‐shaped notch extending about half of the way to its base. 同16頁 Okanagana mercedita new species. Type male, Merced Co., California, June 18, 1914. Length 19mm.; to the tip of the wings 21mm; fore wing 6.5 by 17 mm. Head about as broad as the front margin of the pronotum, the front produced nearly as in synodica; sopra-antennal plates with outer edge rounded.  The median sulcus on the front rather broad, with the sides sinuated. Pronotum 3 by 7.5 mm , the sides not parallel, the humeral angles rounded and the anterior angles bent downward. Opercula oblique, sides sinuated. Last ventral segment with the base longer than the sides which converge to the rounded end. Valve is long as in synodica (5 mm.).  Uncus when viewed in profile, hooked; when viewed from above narrowed toward the deeply notched apex. Fore wings with the basal areole oblong and square at apex; both pairs of wings more transparent than in synodica and triangulata, with the veins commencing at the transverse fold infuscated.  Costa of the fore wings yellowish; all of the wings fuscous and bright orange at base; flaps bright orange.  The dorsum of this species is blackish sparingly covered with light colored appressed hairs. Head above black with a light colored band in front of the anterior ocellus and extending on to the supra-antennal plates where there is an enclosed black spot over each antenna; a light spot on the median sulcus extends to the posterior margin.  Pronotum with the central portion black except some of the grooves, and irregularly margined with pale except the hind margin which is more definitely banded. Mesonotum black with two light colored streaks on the anterior part being the exterior lines of the often present W-mark of some species; below these the X, which is light colored and joins on to the light colored band encircling the posterior part of the mesonotum.  At the tip of each anterior line of the X there is a black impressed puncture.  Metanotum with posterior edge greenish yellow. Dorsum of the abdomen black with the segments narrowly edged with yellow except the last segment which is yellowish with a large irregular spot dorsally and a faint, narrow one each side.  In the dorsal spot there are indications of two small included light spots at the base of the segment. Supra-anal plate dorsally black with the sides yellow. Uncus yellow shaded with brown, particularly at the tip. Beneath, the valve yellow, also the posterior margins of the abdominal segments, the last one having the entire central area yellow. Each ventral segment has two dark Spots, one on each side of the central area. The opercula yellow touched with orange and black.  Legs yellow streaked and spotted with black.  A paratypic female has the hind margin of the last ventral segment deeply notched almost to the base; the segment is pale with a black spot on either side; otherwise the female is colored as in the male.  In addition to the type and the female mentioned above, there are in the author’s collection 16 males and 14 females, all from Merced Co., California.  This series shows the transverse fold crossing the fore wings at the node, often considerably developed and in this respect approaching the much larger Tibicinoides hesperius, which it also resembles in color and markings more than it does synodica. Further the uncus is shaped much more like that of hesperius than synodica, the head, however, in form is more like the latter species.  The outer row of cells in the fore wing are proportionately short in mercedita, whereas they are long in hesperius and synodica. The front in hesperius is usually margined on the upper surface by a well-defined elevated ridge.
• “A Preliminary Review of the West Coast Cicadidae” (著者E.P. Van Duzee）40頁にもOkanagana triangulataに関する記載あり。以下抜粋；Okanagana triangulata Davis, ante.   "This is our largest species of the synodica group.  It has prominent rounded supra-antennal plates;the basal areole of the elytra is decidedly narrowed to an obliquely rounded apex; the pale hind margin of the prontum is rather broad, the disk of mesonotum is black with the four pale spots small.　The abdomen is pale with a large triangular black basal spot on the term reaching is a row of black marks along each side.  The last ventral segment is rather narrow at apex and almost truncated; valve long; uncut oblong, parallel sided, its apex slightly curved above with an arcuated notch beneath. "
• day4:吸水なり食餌なりしたかと思いきや、急速に弱りだし、脚や羽を動かすことは出来ない状態。触るとブルブルと振動はするのでまだ生きているけれども。今後は与える砂糖水は今までの倍以上薄めたものにすること。採集初日より与えてみること。

参考url:

http://www.cicadamania.com/downloads/diversity-05-00166.pdf
http://d.hatena.ne.jp/kazuyo1014/20110221/1298242117
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/524--poa-scabrella

http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/663--stipa-pulchra

http://biostor.org/reference/102375/page/10
http://suzu-mushi.at.webry.info/200908/article_5.html
http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q129295287

• オカナガナ属でカリフォルニア州で確認されている種は47：以下、参考文献"Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico", Allen F. Sanborn and Polly K. Phillips 著 168p Table1、よりカリフォルニア産種のみ抜粋。2013年4月9日出版。ただし、この中に本種の記載が見当たらない。

1. O. annulata Davis
2. O. arboraria Wymore
3. O. arctostaphylae Van Duzee
4. O. aurora Davis
5. O. bella Davis
6. O. canadensis (Provancher)
7. O. canescens Van Duzee
8. O. catalina Davis
9. O. cruentifera (Uhler)
10. O. ferrugomaculata Davis
11. O. fratercula Davis
12. O. gibbera Davis
13. O. hesperia (Uhler)
14. O. hirsuta Davis
15. O. luteobasalis Davis
16. O. magnifica Davis
17. O. mariposa mariposa Davis
18. O. napa Davis
19. O. nigriviridis Davis
20. O. nigrodorsata Davis
21. O. occidentalis (Walker)
22. O. opacipennis Davis
23. O. oregona Davis
24. O. orithyia Bliven
25. O. ornata Van Duzee
26. O. pallidula Davis
27. O. pernix Bliven
28. O. rhadine Bliven
29. O. rimosa rimosa (Say)
30. O. rubrovenosa Davis
31. O. salicicola Bliven
32. O. sequoiae Bliven
33. O. simulata Davis
34. O. sperata Van Duzee
35. O. striatipes (Haldeman)
36. O. synodica synodica (Say)
37. O. triangulata Davis
38. O. tristis tristis Van Duzee
39. O. tristis rubrobasalis Davis
40. O. uncinata Van Duzee
41. O. utahensis Davis
42. O. vanduzeei Distant
43. O. vandykei Van Duzee
44. O. venusta Davis
45. O. villosa Davis
46. O. vocalis Bliven
47. O. wymorei Davis 

• “Cicadas of the genera Okanagana, Tibicinoides and Okanagodes, with descriptions of several new species” (著者William T Davis。Journal of the New York Entomological Society 1919 27(2/3):179頁-223頁）に本種Okanagana merceditaに関する記載を二ヶ所発見；１）187頁より”CC. Marginal cells short; the third one in fore wings about one half as long as second ulnar area adjoining and immediately behind it.／H.Both pairs of wings clear except near base.／Head including eyes about 5mm. broad. Expands about 40mm…………..mercedita Davis及び２）220頁よりOkanagana mercedita Davis  1915. Journal N.Y. Ento. Soc., xxiii, p.16, pl. 3, fig.8.／Only the type, the allotrope and 16 males and 14 females from Merced Co., California, June 18, 1914, have been examined.／The short marginal cells in the fore and hind wings of this species, also in O. minute and Tibicionides cupreo-sparsus suggest a close relationship, and we think that they will ultimately be associated in the same genus.  The supplementary transverse vein at the node is also more developed in mercedita and minuta than in most species of Okanagana, though not quite as well defined as in cupreo-sparsus, the type of the genus Tibicinoides.

• “A PRELIMINARY REVIEW OF THE WEST COAST CICADIDiE.” (著者 E. P. VAN DUZEE,(Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Mar., 1915), pp. 21- 44) １）頁27より以下抜粋；Basal areole of the elytra parallel-sided, its apex rectangular. 30. mercedita Davis ２）頁40より以下抜粋；30. Okanagana mercedita Davis, ante.／This is a smaller species than the preceding with which it agrees in having rounded supra-antennal plates. The basal areole of the elytra is oblong and square at apex. The colors are clearer than in the preceding species with the pale areas inclined to fulvous in places and more extended. The abdomen is black above with the hind edge of the segments very narrowly paler; the venter is pale with the discal base of the segments blackish and there is a black spot on either side of the last ventral segment of the female; the hind margin of this segment is deeply narrowly excavated almost to its base.  I have seen but a single female specimen, taken in Merced Co., Calif., in June and sent to me for examination by Mr. Davis.
• 最終的にはnhmに出向いた際に、Okanagana merceditaとTibicinoides mercedita及びOkanagana vanduzeeiの標本を見せてもらって見比べてみるしかない。
• Cicada Maniaに記載のあるTibicinoides mercedita及びOkanagana vanduzeeiの記述をみる限り、どちらにも合致しない（Okanagana vanduzeei：Description: Black with yellow. Hairy.／Eye Color: light white／Pronotal Collar Color: yellow。Tibicinoides mercedita：Description: Brown and orange／Eye Color: brown?）
• Jeffrey Coleさんに問い合わせてみること。同定をお願いできるのか、あるいは上記２種の間の明らかな相違点、鳴き声の違いについて等々。
• 採集する前に、まずは録音しておくこと。

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